数据模板

Many controls have a Content property, such as ContentControl.Content. Window inherits from ContentControl, so lets use that as an example. You're probably familiar with what happens when you put a control in the Window.Content property - the window displays the control:

<Window xmlns="https://github.com/avaloniaui"
        xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml">
  <Button HorizontalAlignment="Center"
          VerticalAlignment="Center">
    Hello World!
  </Button>
</Window>

Hello World button

Similarly if you put a string as the window content, the window will display the string:

<Window xmlns="https://github.com/avaloniaui"
        xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml">
  Hello World!
</Window>

Hello World string

But what happens if you try to display an object as the window content?

namespace Example
{
    public class Student
    {
        public Student(string firstName, string lastName)
        {
            FirstName = firstName;
            LastName = lastName;
        }

        public string FirstName { get; }
        public string LastName { get; }
    }
}

<Window xmlns="https://github.com/avaloniaui"
        xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
        xmlns:local="clr-namespace:Example">
  <local:Student FirstName="Jane" LastName="Deer"/>
</Window>

Student without DataTemplate

Not very helpful. That's because Avalonia doesn't know how to display an object of type Student - because it's not a control it falls back to just calling .ToString() on the object. We can tell Avalonia how to display non-control objects by defining a data template.

The easiest way to do this on Window (and any control that inherits from ContentControl) is to set the ContentTemplate property:

<Window xmlns="https://github.com/avaloniaui"
        xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
        xmlns:local="clr-namespace:Example">
  <Window.ContentTemplate>
    <DataTemplate>
      <StackPanel>
        <Grid ColumnDefinitions="Auto,Auto" RowDefinitions="Auto,Auto">
          <TextBlock Grid.Row="0" Grid.Column="0">First Name:</TextBlock>
          <TextBlock Grid.Row="0" Grid.Column="1" Text="{Binding FirstName}"/>
          <TextBlock Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="0">Last Name:</TextBlock>
          <TextBlock Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="1" Text="{Binding LastName}"/>
        </Grid>
      </StackPanel>
    </DataTemplate>
  </Window.ContentTemplate>

  <local:Student FirstName="Jane" LastName="Deer"/>
</Window>

Student first and last name

The data template for the window content doesn't only come from the ContentTemplate property. Every control also has a DataTemplates collection into which any number of data templates can be placed. If a control doesn't have a template set locally (e.g. in ContentTemplate) then it will look in its DataTemplates collection for a matching template. If a match isn't found there it will then go on to search its parent's DataTemplates, then its grandparent's, and so on until it reaches the Window. If it still hasn't found a match it will then look in App.xaml/App.axaml for a matching DataTemplate and finally when all those options have been exhausted it will simply call .ToString() on the object.

DataTemplates are matched by type: the type that the template matches is specified by setting the DataType property on the template.

Remember: Each DataTemplate in the DataTemplates collection should have its DataType set to the type of the object that it matches, otherwise the data template won't match anything!

Using the DataTemplates collection the previous example could be written as:

<Window xmlns="https://github.com/avaloniaui"
        xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
        xmlns:local="clr-namespace:Example">
  <Window.DataTemplates>
    <DataTemplate DataType="{x:Type local:Student}">
      <Grid ColumnDefinitions="Auto,Auto" RowDefinitions="Auto,Auto">
        <TextBlock Grid.Row="0" Grid.Column="0">First Name:</TextBlock>
        <TextBlock Grid.Row="0" Grid.Column="1" Text="{Binding FirstName}"/>
        <TextBlock Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="0">Last Name:</TextBlock>
        <TextBlock Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="1" Text="{Binding LastName}"/>
      </Grid>
    </DataTemplate>
  </Window.DataTemplates>

  <local:Student FirstName="Jane" LastName="Deer"/>
</Window>

Using this mechanism, if you want to reuse a DataTemplate everywhere in a Window you can specify it in Window.DataTemplates; if you want the template to be used throughout the whole application you can specify it in App.xaml/App.axaml in the Application.DataTemplates collection.

Now lets add another view model into the mix:

namespace Example
{
    public class Teacher
    {
        public Teacher(string firstName, string lastName)
        {
            FirstName = firstName;
            LastName = lastName;
        }

        public string FirstName { get; }
        public string LastName { get; }
    }
}

Now we can add a separate data template for the Teacher type and depending on the type of object in the MainWindowViewModel.Content property, the appropriate view will be displayed:

<Window xmlns="https://github.com/avaloniaui"
        xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
        xmlns:local="clr-namespace:Example">
  <Window.DataTemplates>

    <DataTemplate DataType="{x:Type local:Student}">
      <Grid ColumnDefinitions="Auto,Auto" RowDefinitions="Auto,Auto">
        <TextBlock Grid.Row="0" Grid.Column="0">First Name:</TextBlock>
        <TextBlock Grid.Row="0" Grid.Column="1" Text="{Binding FirstName}"/>
        <TextBlock Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="0">Last Name:</TextBlock>
        <TextBlock Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="1" Text="{Binding LastName}"/>
      </Grid>
    </DataTemplate>

    <DataTemplate DataType="{x:Type local:Teacher}">
      <Grid ColumnDefinitions="Auto,4,Auto">
        <TextBlock Grid.Row="0" Grid.Column="0">Professor</TextBlock>
        <TextBlock Grid.Row="0" Grid.Column="2" Text="{Binding LastName}"/>
      </Grid>
    </DataTemplate>

  </Window.DataTemplates>

  <ContentControl Content="{Binding Content}"/>
</Window>

Evaluation Order

Data templates in Avalonia can target interfaces and derived classes and so the order of DataTemplates can be important: DataTemplates within the same collection are evaluated in declaration order so you need to place them from most-specific to least-specific as you would in code.

Samples

Basic DataTemplate Sample